Introduction
Establishing and maintaining a flourishing clover food plot can be a rewarding endeavor for any land manager, offering a vital resource for wildlife and a boost to soil health. However, the dream of a lush, vibrant clover patch can quickly turn into a weed-infested nightmare if proper management practices aren’t followed. Weed competition is a constant threat, and keeping your clover plot weed-free can feel like an uphill battle. Many food plotters struggle to find the right balance, often inadvertently harming their clover while trying to eradicate unwanted vegetation. This is where understanding the crucial role of herbicides comes into play.
A food plot, at its core, is a cultivated area designed to attract wildlife by providing a readily available food source. Clover, in particular, is a popular choice for food plots, prized for its high protein content, its ability to fix nitrogen in the soil, its attractiveness to a variety of game animals like deer and turkey, and its positive impact on overall soil health. Deer love it, turkey poults thrive on the insects it attracts, and the nitrogen it fixes naturally fertilizes the soil, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. In essence, clover is a cornerstone of many successful food plot strategies.
The key to realizing the full potential of your clover food plot lies in effective weed control, and this is where the judicious use of herbicides is essential. However, not all herbicides are created equal, and using the wrong product can have disastrous consequences, wiping out your carefully cultivated clover along with the weeds. Therefore, choosing the correct herbicide is absolutely crucial for successful clover food plot management, achieving a delicate balance between effective weed control and the protection of your valuable clover crop. This article will guide you through the process of selecting and applying clover-safe herbicides, ensuring that your food plot remains a haven for wildlife and a testament to your land management skills.
Understanding the Weed Problem in Clover Plots
Before reaching for the herbicide jug, it’s essential to understand the specific weed challenges you face in your clover food plot. Different regions and soil types will harbor different weed species, and identifying these weeds is the first step towards effective control. Two broad categories of weeds plague clover plots: broadleaf weeds and grassy weeds.
Broadleaf weeds are characterized by their broad, flattened leaves and often branching growth patterns. Common culprits in clover food plots include pigweed, lambsquarters, ragweed, thistle, dandelion, and various species of smartweed. These weeds compete directly with clover for sunlight, water, and nutrients, ultimately hindering clover growth and reducing the overall productivity of your food plot. For example, a dense infestation of pigweed can quickly shade out young clover seedlings, preventing them from establishing a strong root system. Similarly, thistle can spread rapidly, forming dense patches that crowd out clover and make the plot less accessible to wildlife. Knowing which broadleaf weeds are prevalent in your area will help you select the most effective herbicide for targeting these specific invaders.
Grassy weeds, on the other hand, have narrow, grass-like leaves and often spread through rhizomes or stolons. Common examples include crabgrass, foxtail, quackgrass, and bermudagrass. Grassy weeds can be particularly problematic in clover plots because they often emerge rapidly and can quickly dominate the landscape. Crabgrass, for instance, thrives in disturbed soil and can quickly outcompete clover seedlings for resources. Quackgrass, with its extensive underground rhizome system, can be notoriously difficult to eradicate once established. Identifying the grassy weeds present in your plot is critical for choosing the right herbicide to selectively target these unwanted grasses without harming your clover.
The impact of weeds on clover food plots is multifaceted. Beyond simply competing for resources, weeds can also significantly reduce the attractiveness of the plot to wildlife. A weed-choked clover patch is less palatable and less accessible to deer, turkey, and other game animals. Furthermore, weeds can contaminate the plot with unwanted seeds, leading to even more weed problems in subsequent years. Therefore, proactive weed management is essential for maintaining a healthy and productive clover food plot that effectively attracts and supports wildlife.
Herbicide Basics for Clover Food Plots
Herbicides are chemical tools used to control unwanted vegetation, but understanding the different types and how they work is crucial for using them effectively and safely. Herbicides can be broadly classified based on their timing of application and their selectivity.
Pre-emergent herbicides are applied to the soil before weeds germinate. These herbicides work by creating a chemical barrier that prevents weed seedlings from emerging. While pre-emergent herbicides can be effective at preventing weed infestations, they are not commonly used in established clover plots because they can also inhibit the germination of clover seeds. They are more often used during the initial establishment phase, *before* seeding the clover, to create a clean seedbed.
Post-emergent herbicides, on the other hand, are applied to weeds after they have already emerged from the soil. These herbicides are the primary tool for weed control in established clover plots. Post-emergent herbicides can be further divided into selective and non-selective categories.
Selective herbicides are designed to kill specific types of plants while leaving others unharmed. This is the key to using herbicides safely in clover plots. Selective herbicides target specific physiological processes that are present in the weeds but not in the clover, allowing you to control weeds without damaging your desired crop. For example, some selective herbicides target broadleaf weeds, while others target grassy weeds, allowing you to choose the right product based on the specific weed species present in your plot.
Non-selective herbicides, as the name suggests, kill all plants they come into contact with. While non-selective herbicides can be useful for clearing vegetation from an area before planting, they should *never* be applied directly to clover plots unless you intend to kill everything. Spot treatments with non-selective herbicides can be used to control small patches of particularly troublesome weeds, but extreme caution is necessary to avoid damaging the surrounding clover.
Understanding how herbicides work is also important. Some herbicides are systemic, meaning they are absorbed by the plant and translocated throughout its tissues, ultimately killing the entire plant, including the roots. Other herbicides are contact herbicides, meaning they only kill the parts of the plant they directly touch. Contact herbicides are generally less effective on perennial weeds, which can regrow from their roots even if the above-ground foliage is killed.
The most important piece of advice regarding herbicide use is to *always read and follow the label instructions*. The label contains critical information about application rates, timing, safety precautions, and environmental considerations. Ignoring the label can lead to ineffective weed control, damage to your clover, and potential harm to yourself, others, and the environment. The label is the law.
When handling herbicides, always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, eye protection, and long sleeves. This will minimize your exposure to the chemicals and reduce the risk of skin or eye irritation. Proper storage of herbicides is also essential to prevent accidental spills or contamination.
Clover-Safe Herbicide Options: The Key to Success
Fortunately, several herbicides are specifically designed to be safe for use in clover food plots when applied correctly. These herbicides selectively target weeds while leaving the clover unharmed, allowing you to maintain a healthy and productive stand.
One of the most commonly used clover-safe herbicides is a product containing the active ingredient **2,4-DB**. You will find this active ingredient in products such as *Butyrac* and *Butoxone*. 2,4-DB is a post-emergent broadleaf herbicide that is effective against many common broadleaf weeds, including pigweed, lambsquarters, and ragweed. It works by mimicking plant hormones, causing uncontrolled growth that ultimately leads to the weed’s death. 2,4-DB is selective for clover because clover has the ability to convert 2,4-DB into a less toxic form. However, it’s important to apply 2,4-DB at the recommended stage of weed growth, typically when the weeds are young and actively growing. Applying 2,4-DB to large, mature weeds may not be as effective. There may be temperature restrictions on the product, so always check the label.
Another option is **Imazamox** which is the active ingredient in *Raptor* herbicide. *Beyond* herbicide also uses this active ingredient but can only be used with *Beyond Ready Alfalfa*. Imazamox can control many broadleaf weeds and grasses, but make sure to follow label directions and be aware of any potential restrictions.
For controlling grassy weeds in clover plots, herbicides containing the active ingredient **Clethodim** are often the best choice. Products like *Select Max* are highly effective against many annual and perennial grasses, including crabgrass, foxtail, and quackgrass. Clethodim works by inhibiting an enzyme essential for grass growth, causing the grass to gradually die. It’s important to note that Clethodim is a systemic herbicide, so it takes time to see results. However, it’s very effective at controlling grasses without harming clover or other broadleaf plants.
Another grass-specific herbicide option is **Sethoxydim**, found in products like *Poast*. It also effectively controls various grassy weeds within clover plots.
Understanding the strengths and limitations of each of these herbicides is crucial for making the right choice for your specific weed problems. A comparison chart outlining targeted weeds, application timing, clover safety, and key considerations can be a helpful tool for decision-making. However, always consult the product label for the most accurate and up-to-date information.
It’s also important to be aware of the potential for herbicide resistance. Over time, weeds can develop resistance to herbicides, making them increasingly difficult to control. To mitigate this risk, rotate herbicides with different modes of action, use tank mixes of multiple herbicides, and employ cultural control methods, such as mowing and soil management, to reduce weed pressure.
Application Techniques and Best Practices
Proper application techniques are just as important as choosing the right herbicide. Timing is everything when it comes to herbicide application. Applying herbicides at the correct stage of weed growth is essential for optimal control and to minimize stress on clover. Young, actively growing weeds are generally more susceptible to herbicides than mature, stressed weeds.
Accurate sprayer calibration is also crucial. An incorrectly calibrated sprayer can result in over-application, which can damage your clover, or under-application, which can lead to ineffective weed control. Learn how to calibrate your sprayer to ensure that you are applying the correct amount of herbicide per acre.
Weather conditions can also significantly impact herbicide effectiveness. Avoid applying herbicides on windy days, as this can lead to herbicide drift, which can damage non-target plants. Also, avoid applying herbicides before a heavy rain, as the rain can wash the herbicide off the weeds before it has a chance to be absorbed. Temperature can also play a role, with some herbicides being more effective at certain temperatures than others. Always consult the herbicide label for specific weather-related recommendations.
Tank mixing herbicides and other adjuvants, such as surfactants, can sometimes improve herbicide effectiveness. However, it’s important to ensure that the products are compatible and to follow the label instructions carefully. Using the wrong tank mix can lead to reduced weed control or damage to your clover.
Nozzle selection also impacts herbicide application. Choose nozzles that produce a uniform spray pattern and deliver the correct droplet size for the herbicide being used.
Integrated Weed Management for Clover Food Plots
While herbicides are a valuable tool for weed control, they should be used as part of an integrated weed management (IWM) strategy. IWM involves using a combination of cultural practices, mechanical methods, and chemical controls to manage weeds in a sustainable and environmentally responsible manner.
Cultural practices, such as soil testing and amendments, proper seeding rates, and mowing, can help create a favorable environment for clover growth and reduce weed pressure. Maintaining proper soil pH and fertility can help clover outcompete weeds. Ensuring a dense stand of clover reduces weed establishment. Regular mowing can help suppress some weeds and encourage clover growth.
Crop rotation, if applicable, can also be an effective weed management tool. Rotating clover with other crops can disrupt weed cycles and reduce weed populations.
Scouting and early detection are also essential. Regularly monitor your food plots for weeds and address infestations early, before they become widespread.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Despite your best efforts, you may encounter problems when using herbicides in clover food plots. Herbicide injury can occur if you accidentally over-apply an herbicide or use the wrong product. If you suspect herbicide injury, stop applying the herbicide immediately and assess the damage. In some cases, the clover may recover on its own.
Poor weed control can also be a frustrating issue. This can be caused by improper application, resistant weeds, or unfavorable weather conditions. If you are experiencing poor weed control, re-evaluate your herbicide selection and application techniques.
Herbicide drift is a serious concern that can damage non-target plants. To minimize the risk of herbicide drift, avoid applying herbicides on windy days, use drift-reducing nozzles, and apply herbicides at low pressure.
Conclusion
Choosing the right herbicide and using it responsibly is essential for successful clover food plot management. By understanding the different types of herbicides, applying them correctly, and integrating them with other weed management practices, you can create thriving clover food plots that attract wildlife and improve your land.
Remember to properly identify the weeds you are trying to control, understand the different herbicide options available, and always follow the label instructions carefully. Consult with local agricultural extension agents or crop consultants for specific recommendations tailored to your region and needs.
With careful planning and the right tools, you can achieve your goal of having lush and productive clover food plots.
